Humanistic Theory According To Abraham Maslow Education Essay

Humanistic Theory According To Abraham Maslow Education Essay This is the mental point of view promoted via Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow that stresses the human limit with respect to decision and development. The abrogating supposition that will be that people have choice and are not just destined to act in explicit manners or are zombies indiscriminately responding to their condition. The humanists expressed that the topic or brain research is the human emotional experience of the world how human experience things, why they experience things, and so forth. Humanistic analysts take a gander at human conduct through the eyes of the spectator, however through the eyes of the individual doing the carrying on. Humanistic analysts accept that a people conduct is associated with his internal sentiments and mental self view. In contrast to the behaviorists, humanistic clinicians accept that people are not exclusively the result of their condition. Or maybe humanistic therapists study human implications, understandings, and encounters associated with developing, educating and learning. They stress qualities that are shared by every single individual, for example, love, distress, mindful and self-esteem. Humanistic therapists concentrate how individuals are affected by their self-recognitions and the individual implications joined to their encounters. Humanistic therapists are not essentially worried about instinctual drives, reactions to outside boosts, or past encounters. Or maybe, they think about cognizant decisions, reactions to inward needs, and current conditions to be significant in forming human conduct. Humanistic hypothesis depends on the possibility that everybody can possibly make a commitment to society and be a decent and affable individual if their requirements are satisfied. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers drove the humanistic hypothesis development and it was Maslow who built up the pyramid of requirements. Maslow accepted that satisfying the requirements in the right request would permit people to become self actualised, completely capable people. So simply after the essential physiological needs, for example, food, cover, warmth are met would individuals be able to proceed onward to the following stages; the need to have a sense of safety, to be adored and acknowledged and so forth. Maslow built up his hypothesis not by concentrating intellectually sick patients, which is the place a lot of mental information had gotten from up to that point, however by considering solid, profitable, innovative people lives and vocations. He inferred that there were regular qualities which were shared by fruitful people including self acknowledgment, receptiveness and regard for others. Carl Rogers felt that, notwithstanding Maslows various leveled needs, all together for an individual to grow completely that they should have been in a domain which would furnish them with validity, acknowledgment and compassion and that without such a supporting situation solid characters and connections would be not able to thrive. Humanistic hypothesis is fundamentally about the advancement of the person. It was exceptionally well known during the 1970s however is by all accounts marginally undesirable today as Western countries have commonly moved somewhat towards the political right and there is more accentuation on adjusting and adding to, a somewhat progressively traditionalist society. Obviously, while humanistic hypothesis has an exceptionally solid spotlight on the individual, it depends on the conviction that all around created, effective people are best positioned to make a constructive commitment to society. Humanistic hypothesis recommends that the accomplishment of joy is much of the time subordinate after accomplishing, or giving yourself the permit to, research and seek after your own most profound interests and wants. Humanistic Theory as indicated by Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow has been viewed as the Father of Humanistic Psychology. Maslows hypothesis depends on the thought that experience is the essential marvel in the investigation of human learning and conduct. He set accentuation on decision, inventiveness, values, self-acknowledgment, all particularly human characteristics, and accepted that significance and subjectivity were a higher priority than objectivity. For Maslow, advancement of human potential, pride and worth are extreme concerns. Maslow dismissed behaviorist perspectives and Freuds speculations based on their reductionistic approaches. He felt Freuds perspective on human instinct was negative, and he esteemed goodness, honorability and reason. Additionally, Freud focused on the intellectually sick, and Maslow was keen on sound human brain science. Maslow and his partners came to allude to their development as third power brain science, the initial two being therapy and behaviorism. The third power depends on ways of thinking of existentialism and humanism. He is renowned for recommending that human inspiration depends on a chain of importance of requirements. The most minimal degree of requirements are physiological and endurance needs, for example, craving and thirst. Further levels incorporate having a place and love, confidence, and self-completion. From Maslows point of view, the drive to learn is inborn. The reason for learning is to achieve self-realization, and the objectives of instructors ought to incorporate this procedure. Learning adds to mental wellbeing. Maslow proposed different objectives of getting the hang of, including disclosure of ones business or fate; information on values; acknowledgment of life as valuable, obtaining of pinnacle encounters, feeling of achievement, fulfillment of mental needs, consciousness of excellence and miracle throughout everyday life, motivation control, creating decision, and wrestling with the basic existential issues of life. Maslows hypothesis of learning featured the contrasts between experiential information and onlooker information. He respected onlooker, or logical, information to be mediocre compared to experiential. Properties of experiential learning include: submersion in the experience without attention to the progression of time immediately not acting naturally cognizant rising above time, spot, history, and society by being past and unaffected by them converging with that which is being experienced being guiltlessly responsive, as a youngster, uncritical suspending briefly assessment of the involvement with terms of its significance or insignificance absence of restraint, dying down of childishness, dread, preventiveness experience unfurls normally without endeavoring or exertion suspending analysis, approval, and assessment of the experience believing experience by inactively allowing it to occur; relinquishing assumptions withdrawing from consistent, investigative, and discerning exercises Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Physiological Needs They comprise of requirements for oxygen, food, water, and a moderately consistent internal heat level. They are the most grounded needs in such a case that an individual were denied everything being equal, the physiological ones would start things out in the people look for fulfillment. We need these for fundamental endurance. Maslows hypothesis said that you have to fulfill first the essential needs like Physiological needs and Safety needs, to get inspiration to genuinely achieve the more elevated level needs like social needs and regard. Wellbeing Needs At the point when every physiological need are fulfilled and done overwhelming our musings and practices, we progress to wellbeing needs. A people consideration goes to wellbeing and security for himself/herself to be liberated from the danger of physical and passionate mischief. Such needs may be satisfied by: Living in a protected zone Clinical protection Employer stability Monetary stores These incorporate the requirement for security. We frequently have little attention to these, with the exception of in the midst of crisis complication in social structure (war time, fear monger acts, abusive behavior at home, cataclysmic events). Maslows pecking order said that, if an individual feels that the individual in question is in hurts way, higher necessities would not be achieved that rapidly. Belongingness Love needs At the point when an individual has accomplished the lower level like Physiological and Safety needs, more significant level needs become significant, the first are social needs. Social needs are those identified with connection with others like: Requirement for companions Requirement for having a place Need to give and get love At the point when wellbeing and physiological needs are met, we want, to be cherished by others and to have a place. Maslow states that individuals try to defeat sentiments of depression distance. This includes both giving getting love, fondness the feeling of having a place (family, companions, social gatherings). Regard Needs After the initial 3 classes of necessities are met, the requirements for regard can get prevailing. These include requirements for both confidence for the regard an individual gets from others. Regard needs might be named interior or outside. Sense of pride and accomplishment are a few instances of Internal regard needs. Societal position and acknowledgment are a few instances of External regard needs. Some regard needs are: Sense of pride Accomplishment Consideration Acknowledgment Notoriety People have a requirement for a stable, immovably based, significant level of dignity, regard from others. At the point when these necessities are fulfilled, the individual feels self-assured significant as an individual on the planet. At the point when these necessities are disappointed, the individual feels mediocre, powerless, defenseless useless. Requirement for Self-Actualization At the point when the entirety of the previous needs are fulfilled, at that point at exactly that point are simply the necessities realization enacted. The last need is the Self Actualization or Fulfillment Needs. This incorporates purposed, self-awareness, and the full acknowledgment of ones possibilities. This is where individuals begin getting completely practical, acting simply on their own volition, and having a sound character. Maslow portrays self-completion as a people should be do what the individual was destined to do. A performer must make music, a craftsman must paint, and an artist must compose. These requirements make themselves felt in indications of eagerness (individual feels tense, tense, lacking something, fretful.) The individual must be consistent with their own inclination, be what you are intended to be. Maslow accepted that not very many individuals arrive at the condition of self-realization. In spite of the fact that

CULTURAL AND ETHICAL VALUES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Social AND ETHICAL VALUES - Essay Example Every single reasonable activity completed by men will consistently target accomplishing something great. There is an order as far as possible as the end point or motivation behind certain activities could prompt the start of an absolutely new activity. The closures in the chain of command may themselves shift in their worth; in any case, a definitive end is esteemed on its own measure and that which is adequate and totally great. Individuals may get things done for accomplishing something different and this chain would proceed, yet Aristotle feels that each person would have one preeminent objective throughout everyday life and the various undertakings which one embraces would lead towards this objective. Aristotle at that point proceeds to clarify what, as indicated by him, is a definitive objective in human life that is by and large bliss in one’s life. The Greek word â€Å"eudaimonia† gives a nearby enough clarification to what Aristotle sees as extreme great. Eudaimonia represents everlasting and ever-enduring harmony and satisfaction and whether an individual has really driven an eudaimoniac life can be found out simply after the finish of one’s life. His contention for expressing that ever-enduring bliss is the last objective in a human’s life is that each activity performed by man is just to accomplish joy, which alone can make a man independent. Aristotle further investigates the way to accomplish joy. He accepts that each human have a trademark action a lot of like the creatures and this action would at last assistance one to accomplish a condition of interminable satisfaction. As per him, this trademark action controlled by each human is the inten sity of thinking, which when utilized in the right way will assist an individual with achieving a cheerful life. It is this exceptional capacity that recognizes humanity from different creatures and is the key that would lead every one of us to our definitive objective. At the end of the day, he accepts that the ability to accomplish the last objective exists in the thinking capacity of the individual and how much the objective is

Lessons Learned in Lab

Lessons Learned in Lab Yes, I know its a Sunday, but nonetheless, I went to lab around 2:30 pm. As I walked out 3 hours later, I had the beginnings of a blog entry in my head. And now, that mental blog entry is here :) I was thinking about lab and about how these past few weeks in Bhatia Lab have taught me about more than fibroblasts and the hepatitis C virus. From lab, Ive learned a little about life and how to live it: 1. Tell the truth. Ive done some pretty stupid things in lab. Case in point: Ive cracked coverslips, broken pipettes, multiplied incorrectly, and accidentally poured out too much or too little of the volume in question. Ive shamefacedly but honestly gone to my graduate student and reported each of my accidents. Nonetheless, I do realize how terribly each of our experiments would have gone if I had lied about any one of my errors. Honesty works best. 2. Get a good nights sleep. Every night. Ive been in lab as late as 11 pm, and I come home exhausted. 8-9 hours of sleep does wonders for lab stamina though. Sleep is magical. 3. Dont know something? Ask for help. Ive asked so many questions at lab that Ive probably driven my grad student crazy at times. When something doesnt make sense, it is so worth it to take a few extra seconds and truly understand whats going on. It also saves moments of looking dumb later on. 4. Think before you speak. While asking questions is great, thinking for yourself has its own merits. A couple days ago, I unthinkingly asked my grad student if I should put 2 microliters of a probe (used for FISH: fluorescence in situ hybridization) into an empty tube instead of first putting the solvent buffer in and then the 2 microliters. My grad student just looked at me for a moment, then said, Really, Hamsika? Really? After which I felt silly, lol. 2 microliters is clearly too small a volume to be chilling in a tube on its own. 5. Have an idea? Share it. One of the greatest strengths of lab work is the fact that there are often established protocols for various approaches and techniques. Sometimes, though, it pays sometimes to stray outside the box, take a risk, and try something different. Question everything! Understand why youre doing what youre doing, and then see if you can make it better. Haha, okay, I think Ive been deep and philosophical enough for one day. Till next time!

Forming Declarative Sentences - Exercise

This exercise will give you practice in changing word order and (in some cases) verb forms as you convert 12 interrogative sentences (questions) into declarative sentences (statements). After completing this exercise, you can also try forming interrogative sentences. Instructions Rewrite each of the following sentences, turning the ​yes-no question into a statement. Change the word order and (in some cases) the form of the verb as necessary. When youre done, compare your new declarative sentences with the sample answers below. Is Sams dog shivering?Are we going to the football game?Will you be on the train tomorrow?Is Sam the first person in line?Was the stranger calling from the clinic?Does Mr. Amjad think that I will be waiting for him at the airport?Do the best students usually take themselves too seriously?Does Ms. Wilson believe that everybody is watching her?Am I the first person to make fun of the idea of calorie counting?Before going away on vacation, should we cancel the newspaper?Wasnt the boy in the snack bar wearing a bright Hawaiian shirt and a cowboy hat?Whenever you leave a young child with a babysitter, should you give her a list of all emergency phone numbers? Answers to the Exercise Here are sample answers to the exercise. In all cases, more than one correct version is possible. Sams dog is shivering.We are going to the football game.You will be on the train tomorrow.Sam is the first person in line.The stranger was calling from the clinic.Mr. Amjad thinks that I will be waiting for him at the airport.The best students usually dont take themselves too seriously.Ms. Wilson believes that everybody is watching her.I am not the first person to make fun of the idea of calorie counting.Before going away on vacation, we should cancel the newspaper.The boy in the snack bar was wearing a bright Hawaiian shirt and a cowboy hat.Whenever you leave a young child with a babysitter, you should give her a list of all emergency phone numbers.

Shakespeare Tragedies

Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(128) " jobs particularly in respect to interaction between Mrs Carroll and the physical and societal environment \( Lindley 2008 \) \." Stroke is a complex neurovascular disease caused by multiple mechanisms that result in a break of normal intellectual blood flow. Harmonizing to Kockrow and Christensen ( 2011 ) , ischemic in-between intellectual arteria shot is an unnatural status of the blood vass in the encephalon, characterised by bleeding into the encephalon of the formation of an embolus or thrombus that occludes the in-between intellectual arteria, ensuing in ischemia of the encephalon tissue usually perfused by the damaged cells. The in-between intellectual arteria supplies the largest volume of the cerebral hemisphere, including the basal ganglia, the internal capsule, and the ocular radiations from the thalamus ( Mitchell A ; Moore 2004 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The disrupted blood flow in the MCA causes intellectual disfunction. Cerebral blood flow has an autoregulatory mechanism that protects against hypoxia and low perfusion ( Johnson 2012 ) . When intellectual blood flow decreases, there is addition in blood force per unit area and vasodilation occurs as the autoregulatory mechanism attempt to counterbalance ( Johnson 2012 ) . If the blood flow falls below a critical degree, intellectual blood volume is reduced and infarction occurs. Johnson ( 2012 ) explains that the deficiency of foods usually received from oxygenated blood and the harm which is caused by unexpected shed blooding into or around the encephalon taking to cell decease. Cerebral ischaemia initiates a figure of damaging cellular events enduring which consequence in monolithic cell decease and tissue harm beyond the country originally affected by the deficiency of blood flow ( Kockrow A ; Christensen 2011 ) .Tissue plasminogen activator is a serine peptidase which converts plasminogen to plasmin, a fibrinolytic enzyme ( McElveen A ; Macko 2009 ) . Upon disposal, recombinant TPA increases plasmin enzymatic activity, ensuing in fibrinolysis ( Harvey 2009 ) . It is used to handle the shot in the acute phase to reconstruct flow to the ischaemic country. In ischemic stroke the dead or deceasing cells are surrounded by the penumbra-an country of cells at hazard of or enduring ischemia as explained by Harvey ( 2009 ) . Cells busying the penumbra are ill perfused and as a consequence become progressively ischemic ( Mitchell A ; Moore 2004 ) . Circulation can be improved when TPA is administered within 3 hours in an acute ischemic shot ( Elkind 2009 ) . This will besides assist to understate decease cells in the penumbra. Collins ( 2007 ) states that the usage of TPA halts the shot by fade outing the coagulum that is barricading blood flow to the encephalon. When suitably administered to patients who fall within narrow clinical guidelines, TPA can restrict the extent of encephalon hurt and better results after shot ( Johnson 2012 ) . Describe the functions of four members of the multidisciplinary squad ( other than nursing ) who will care for Mrs Carroll. The function of the squad is to supply holistic attention which realistically develops of import ends for Mrs Carroll and her household, whilst testing for shot complications and trouble-shooting as jobs nowadayss. Address Diagnosticians The address healers have established function for measuring swallow map every bit good as address ( Lindley 2008 ) . Regular address therapy can better the result after shot. Therapy begins without hold after a shot ( ideally the following on the job twenty-four hours ) and involves Sessionss of 1-2 hours per twenty-four hours as explained by Funnel, Koutoukidis A ; Lawrence 2009. The address healers are concerned with assessing, naming and handling communicating upsets, such as formation and perceptual experience of address, the ability to joint words and to understand and originate address ( Freeman 1998 ) . The address healer will help Mrs Carroll to re learn communicating accomplishments. The address diagnostician will besides intercede closely with the nurse, dietician and household to accomplish safe swallowing schemes for Mrs Carroll. Physical therapists The physical therapists will measure Mrs Carroll physical capablenesss and restrictions in a collaborative procedure ( Funnel, Koutoukidis A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . The physical therapist administers therapies designed to rectify or understate malformation, addition strength and mobility or relieve uncomfortableness or hurting ( William, Perry A ; Watkins 2010 ) . Stroke rehabilitation comprises of exercising intercession, to understate the effects of the encephalon cell harm and optimise re-learning as stated by Lindley ( 2008 ) . William, Perry A ; Watkins ( 2010 ) explain that the interventions include the usage of specific exercisings, heat, cold, aqua therapy and electro physical therapy. The function of the physical therapist besides involves educating Mrs Carroll and her household in right methods of placement, reassigning and call uping to help with the discharge. Occupational healers The occupational healers aim is to help Mrs Carroll to be independent in executing activities of day-to-day life ( Lindley 2008 ) . Freeman ( 1998 ) explains that the occupational healers will find Mrs Carroll ‘s ability to execute basic activities of life such as lavation, dressing and feeding. Their function includes the appraisal of basic and more advanced functional activities ( Funnel, Koutoukidis A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . The occupational healer plants on specific undertakings in coaction with nursing staff and physical therapists ( William, Perry A ; Watkins 2010 ) . This involves a period of appraisal including the ability to understand instructions followed by specific preparation in basic ADLS ( William, Perry A ; Watkins 2010 ) . As Mrs Carroll has adequate motor recovery to keep sitting balance the occupational healer starts working on basic lavation ( e.g. rinsing the face, cleaning dentitions ) . As recovery returns, more complex undertakings can be assessed and pr actised such as showers transportations, acquiring on and off the lavatory. The occupational healers assess the demand for, and supply, adaptative devices to advance independency with bathing, eating and dressing. Home alterations are besides assessed by the occupational healers to guarantee that the place environment is safe and contributing to Mrs Carroll ‘s independency degree as elucidated by Funnel, Koutoukidis A ; Lawrence 2009. Psychologists Psychologist has an of import function in assisting Mrs Carroll towards a successful recovery. Their expertness is peculiarly utile in measuring temper, depression and assisting Mrs Carroll through hard accommodation periods by pull offing her choler and other hurt ( Funnel, Koutoukidis A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . The psychologist is concerned with the causes, bar and intervention of the single societal jobs particularly in respect to interaction between Mrs Carroll and the physical and societal environment ( Lindley 2008 ) . You read "Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" The psychologists will help the rehabilitation squad with schemes to pull off Mrs Carroll ‘s behavioral perturbations that impact on the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours rehabilitation procedure ( Freeman 1998 ) . 3. Describe the schemes that may assist active engagement of the patient and household in the rehabilitation plan. The active engagement of Mrs Carroll and her household has a important function to play after her shot. Their support will be of great comfort for Mrs Carroll and when the shot has caused major jobs, their aid in the recovery procedure is a cardinal portion of good shot attention ( Funnel, Koutoukidis A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . The household need to understand and be involved with the rehabilitative ends that Mrs Carroll has developed with the squad and the methods selected to run into these ends as explained by William, Perry A ; Watkins ( 2010 ) . This can include acquiring the household members to reenforce peculiar preparation Sessionss and developing the household to pull off Mrs Carroll with a position to dispatch for illustration learning techniques to reassign Mrs Carroll from bed to wheelchair or acquiring Mrs Carroll into a attention safely ( Funnel, Koutoukidis A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . This will enable them to experience that they are playing a critical function in rehabilitati on. Family members need to understand that their greatest part may be to let Mrs Carroll to be every bit independent as possible ( Gillespie A ; Campbell 2011 ) . Another scheme that will assist the active engagement of the household is household conference with the multidisciplinary squad and the physician where they will have specific information on the type of shot that affected Mrs Carroll and about her advancement as illustrated by Popovich, Fox, A ; Bandagi ( 2007 ) . Working with Mrs Carroll and her household will assist Mrs Carroll to accomplish realistic ends in their shot journey. It is besides really of import to learn the household techniques to heighten safety and communicating ( Funnel, Koutoukidis A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . Family members can besides supply valuable information about Mrs Carroll ‘s usual life style. The household members can help in reorienting Mrs Carroll to the affected side and implementing safety safeguards. It is besides of import for the hou sehold to be cognizant of the shortages and intercessions appropriate for Mrs Carroll ( Lindley 2008 ) . 4. Mrs Carroll ‘s defeat with motor activities and address make her angry. Discuss how choler may be used to ease effectual header and how rehabilitation nurses can enable patients to utilize their energy therapeutically. Nursing intercessions to ease emotional accommodation to stroke should include hearing, detering self-blame, promoting Mrs Carroll to verbalize her feelings, advancing independency, assisting Mrs Carroll reappraise her state of affairs, and show credence and acknowledgment of her advancement as highlighted by William, Perry A ; Watkins ( 2010 ) .It is of import that early marks of uneffective header to be detected so that patients at hazard for depression may be assessed and treated. The psychologist can besides help in supplying get bying schemes for nurse and speech healer to pull off Mrs Carroll ‘s defeat and choler ( Funnel, Koutoukidis A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . By back uping Mrs Carroll, instead than taking her, the nurse can assist her to gain her restrictions, consolidate loss and authorise her to be after for a hereafter that will be fulfilling to her.The construct of hope can be characterized by an unsure desire to accomplish ends that will let Mrs Carroll to set and tra vel end stations when transmutations occur as explained by Western ( 2007 ) . An achieved end or success against a nerve-racking experience creates an immediate sense of peace and good being and a generalized hope emerges for future successes harmonizing to Popovich, Fox, A ; Bandagi ( 2007 ) . Hope is of import to recovery as it gives persons the motive and strength to accomplish their ends ( Western 2007 ) . Empowerment so can be seen as a agency of assisting persons to recognize and accomplish their ends. Mrs Carroll becomes frustrated when she can non pass on, but alternatively of retreating from the conversation the nurse should promote her to do regular efforts to pass on with the squad and household. Hence her address will better daily and this will assist to accomplish her set ends ( ( Funnel, Koutoukidis A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . 5. Describe the medicines that Mrs Carroll is taking and discourse the grounds for administrating these medicines in his current status. Why should a cholesterin lowing agent be considered for Mrs Carroll? Metformin Harmonizing to Tiziani ( 2010 ) , Mrs Carroll was prescribed Glucophage as she has a history of Type 2 diabetes. Metformin acts chiefly by diminishing the production of glucose in the liver as described by Bullock and Manias ( 2011 ) . It besides slows soaking up of glucose signifier the intestine, inhibits glucagon secernment and tissue glycolisis ( Lindley 2008 ) . This medicine is prescribed when the blood sugar degree can non be controlled with diet alone ( Lindley 2008 ) . Avapro HCT This medicine is used to handle mild to chair high blood pressure explained by Tiziani ( 2010 ) . The combination of a thiazide water pill ( hydochlorothiazide ) and angiotensin receptor adversary produces a greater decrease in blood force per unit area ( Tiziani 2010 ) .Irbesartan blocks the potent vasoconstrictive and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotonin II by selective hostility of the angiotonin II receptors localized on vascular smooth musculus cells and in the adrenal cerebral mantle ( Bullock A ; Manias 2011 ) . Hydrochlorothiazide increases plasma renin activity, increases aldosterone secernment, and decreases serum K. Coadministration of an angiotonin II receptor adversary tends to change by reversal the K loss associated with thiazide water pills ( Bullock A ; Manias 2011 ) . This medicine will assist to take down Mrs Carroll ‘s blood force per unit area. Clopridogrel This medicine is used to forestall thromboembolic events, ischemic bosom disease and bar of shot ( Tiziani 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Bullock and Manias ( 2011 ) , it inhibits thrombocyte collection by irreversibly adhering to adenosine disphosphate thrombocyte receptor. Mrs Carroll has a past history of atrial fibrillation and she has a high hazard of shot from embolisation of cardiac thrombus ( Freeman 1998 ) . This medicine will cut down the hazard of holding a shot. Mrs Carroll ‘s LDL cholesterin degree is high and this increases the hazard of ischemic shot and bosom disease ( Lindley 2008 ) . A cholesterin take downing agent should be considered for Mrs Carroll to assist forestall farther vascular disease ( Mitchell A ; Moore 2004 ) . William, Perry A ; Watkins ( 2010 ) explain that the lower the blood cholesterin, the lower the subsequent hazard of ischemic shot and other thrombotic vascular disease. The cholesterin take downing agent has the ability to brace atheromatic plaque, cut down thrombogenicity every bit good as its consequence on dyslipidaemia ( Tiziani 2010 ) . 6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of get downing Mrs Carroll on medicine to command her urinary incontinency? Harmonizing to Bullock and Manias ( 2011 ) , anticholinergics interfere with the parasympathetic excitations of the detrusor musculus by barricading the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, ensuing in fewer nonvoluntary contractions ( . One of the disadvantages of utilizing medicine to command her urinary incontinency is that it causes hazard of mental confusion ( Tiziani 2010 ) . Her cognitive operation has decreased since she had the autumn, hence this medicine will do it worse. Anticholinergics medicine additions hazard of terrible irregularity, Mrs Carroll suffers from irregularity already this medicine will increase the hazard of holding intestine obstructor. Furthermore, bladder preparation can better urinary incontinency and encouraging Mrs Carroll to utilize medicine will cut down her independency and motive ( Lindley 2008 ) . Mrs Carroll might experience embarrassed to go to therapy due to her urinary incontinency. Therefore she could decline therapy and this will non assist in the recovery procedure. Urinary incontinency may do clamber dislocation and roseola due to extra of wet in the genital-perineal country ( Borleis 2012 ) . This medicine will besides cut down the hazard of Mrs Carroll acquiring a urinary piece of land infection as she would non necessitate to travel to the lavatory more frequently. Furthermore, good continency attention plays a cardinal function in assisting to reconstruct Mrs Carroll self esteem and independency ( Freeman 1998 ) . The medicine will besides assist Mrs Carroll to come on with vesica preparation ( William, Perry A ; Watkins ( 2010 ) . 7. Mrs Carroll had a strong spiritual religion prior to her shot but has since refused to see the Priest or members of her church. What intercessions might you implement to assist her recover her religious well being? Mrs Carroll might be embarrassed to run into her friends due to her status. First I would try to find the ground ( s ) for the hurt, and back up the Mrs Carroll to analyze her beliefs and values ( Tanyi 2006 ) . Supply research-based grounds to Mrs Carroll about the positive impacts of spiritualty on her wellness and operation ( Tanyi 2006 ) . Spending one on one clip with her and assist her to reflect back on her past religious well being might assist in cut downing her religious hurting.I would mention Mrs Carroll to a societal worker who may mention her farther to a psychologist ( Lindley 2008 ) . Her religious well being might non be straight related to her faith. Involve her in a speculation group with other patients who had stroke to assist her talk about her state of affairs. I would easy present one friend at a clip and see how she reacts to that. It is besides really of import to let Mrs Carroll to grief for the loss of what her life was and guarantee that she is cognizant t hat the nurse is at that place to assist her. Pastoral attention services are inter-denominational and will be able to offer religious attention to Mrs Carroll ( Funnel, Koutoukidis A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . 8. How does the nurse utilise patient information obtained during admittance to help in the acknowledgment of discharge demands? What community resources would you see to assist Mrs Carroll and her hubby? A thorough nursing appraisal obtained during admittance enables the nurse to place existent and possible jobs of Mrs Carroll ( Fawcett A ; Rhynas 2012 ) . Discharge planning is critical to advance good being and maximal recovery ( Freeman 1998 ) . On admittance, it was identified that Mr Carroll is really dependent on his married woman and that he is due for an operation in two hebdomads. Furthermore, they live in a two floor three sleeping rooms townhouse which will non be ideal for her when she come back from infirmary due to her limited mobility. To guarantee continuity of attention, the interdisciplinary procedure start on admittance by interceding with the societal worker, occupational healer, physical therapist and societal web as explained by Lindley ( 2008 ) . Mrs Carroll is active in the community and she besides has supportive friends within the Parish Community. The community can besides organize a support group for shot patients to run into other people from the communit y who understand what you have been through. A resource battalion can be developed for Mr Carroll supplying inside informations of community services and benefits available. On discharge, guarantee good links and information sharing between the infirmary and community squads, and between wellness and societal attention suppliers. Arrange chances for shot subsisters and households to run into cardinal community staff such as territory nurses and stroke affair nurses before discharge ( Gillespie A ; Campbell 2011 ) . 9. Mrs Carroll was an active member of his community but now has limited address. Describe any schemes you could utilize to help communicating and the discharge instruction you would supply to her hubby sing her communication with others in societal state of affairss. Communication troubles can significantly impact quality of life and cause hurt and defeat for households, friends and the patient ( Speech Pathology Services 2012 ) . A broad scope of schemes can back up communicating such as taking distractions when speaking to the patient as explained by Speech Pathology Services 2012. The usage of different sorts of communicating such as gesture, indicating or composing will assist to understand Mrs Carroll ( William, Perry A ; Watkins 2010 ) . The nurse should explicate to Mr Carroll that it is really of import to talk in short sentences, easy and in a respectful tone with normal volume. When pass oning with Mrs Carroll, the individual should let excess clip to treat the information and repetition the message or state it in another manner ( Speech Pathology Services 2012 ) . The usage of communicating devices will besides advance comprehension and apprehension ( Freeman 1998 ) . Communicating with his married woman could be really frustrating, i t really of import for him to stay unagitated and patient. It is indispensable to supply accessible information for Mrs Carroll and her household on the peculiar type of address damage that Mrs Carroll has to heighten apprehension and assistance communicating ( William, Perry A ; Watkins 2010 ) . 10. Complete an admittance and discharge FIM for Mrs Carroll Please see affiliated How to cite Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Based Lp in Poetry Essay Example For Students

Based Lp in Poetry Essay She will share the link http://knowing. Thinker. Org/writer/Thebes. Asp in the students faceable group for them to access the audio book. C. She will suggest exploring on the control buttons as they view and listen to the poem. D. She will encourage them to use/ apply what they learned from exploring the audio book to their reading activity. E. After the reading activity, she will ask the following questions:- What words enhance the aesthetic value of the poem? How do these words create the mood/ atmosphere and emphasize the theme? Why do you think the speaker is fascinated to the bell? What does it represent? Student Activities: a. To view the poem, the students will access the link shared by the teacher in their faceable group. B. They will explore the features of the audio book to modify the setting of the poem and conceptualize presentation techniques. C. They will apply the techniques learned in the actual presentation of their group reading activity. D. After the eating activ ity, the students are to answer orally the following questions:- What words enhance the aesthetic value of the poem? How do these words create the mood/ atmosphere and emphasize the theme? Why do you think the speaker is fascinated to the bell? What does it represent? 5. Designing/ students collaborate in analyzing the language structure of the poem. They will link graphics and media clips into their flowcharts to aid interpretation of words that suggest sound devices. The use of activities software and electronic whiteboard enables touch-screen application which helps in attaining/maintaining the focus of he students while showcasing presentations. Teacher Activities: f. The teacher will assign the following tasks:-Group 1- identifying occasions that can be associated to the different sounds of bell -Group 2- creating a Pictorial of rhyming words -Group 3- picking out alliteration and presenting lines of song with the same structure Group 4- picking out consonance and assonance and presenting slogans with the same structure g. She will discuss briefly the criteria in evaluating their output. H. She will prompt them to start by opening activities from their desktop. Student Activities: a. Students will listen for the teachers instruction. B. On teachers cue, they will open the activities from their desktop and start working on the following group tasks:Group 1- identifying occasions that can be associated to the different sounds of bullfrogs 2- creating a Pictorial of rhyming words Group 3- picking out alliteration and presenting lines of song with the same structure Group 4- picking out assonance or consonance and presenting slogans with the same structure. C. They will have 10 minute preparation and 10 minute presentation of their outputs. 6. Composing Digital Poem Overview: To be given as an assignment, he students will compose poems with sound devices. Their poems will be developed into a slideshows and will be uploaded in their faceable group for peer critiquing. Teacher Activities: a. The teacher will show an example off slideshows off poem. B. Then she will tell them to compose their own poem using sound devices and developing it into a slideshows. C. She will remind them, that at the end of the poem, they should include a brief note of dedication to someone the poem is addressed. D. Then, finally, she will tell them to share their output in their faceable group for peer critiquing.

Learning and Development Essay Example

Learning and Development Essay Explain why the ‘systematic’ approach to Learning Development is so important for organisation, and identify some of the critical success factors in its adoption. Introduction Learning and development achieve aims for individuals and for the organisations performance management. Learning and development can help organisations to improve performance, meet their strategic objectives or become high performing organisations, want to increase profits, increase market share and provide better services for customers. Foot Hook (2008), in order to achieve these things performance management is the key to help recruit, select, develop, motivate and retain the most talented people. In recent years organisations have switched from training and development to learning and development in order to help develop the knowledge of workers as fully as possible due to the fact that organisations have moved from being a large manufacturing economy to a more flexible service and knowledge based society. Therefore learning and development is mostly still commonly known as training and development but ‘learning’ is a far better expresses than ‘training’, as training is about the organisation and learning is about the person as according to businessballs. com (2010) If organisations want to encourage learning in order to retain its employees. They must encourage learning and to develop a culture that recognises learning in a number of different ways and to provide experiences to learn but not all organisations tend to encourage learning and development. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to Foot Hook 2008 the UK government has many ways to encourage learning and development initiatives such as offering National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs), new deal and apprenticeships so that this can help organisations be proactive in the learning and development environment. Kelly (2010), when entering a new job or responsibility, people would usually have already acquired a certain amount of knowledge, skills and attitudes. These can be gained from previous education, influence of social and cultural background and life experiences. Therefore training would take place to perform their job better and constitute to a learning experience. Learning experience would have to be designed to meet an each individual’s needs therefore organisations would need to use a step by step process in order to design a learning experience, in which a systematic approach would help the organisations to do this. A systematic approach helps ensure a comprehensive training process that focuses on the organisation’s needs. A systematic approach can be often referred to the systematic training cycle (see appendix 1. 1). The training cycle includes a number of phrases which are: 1. Assessing the learning needs It is important for organisations to assess what learning and development is needed within their organisations for its departments, teams and individuals. As according to Rubus Associates (2008), this is the most important part as failure to get the analysis right it would mean that the learning solution would not be right. Learning and development can be assessed in many ways and is often done for individuals using the performance appraisal process or personal development review. To do this the person organising the Learning and development event or process would need to be clear about what the individual, team or organisation needs to know or to be able to do or the competencies they need to have acquired after the learning and development has taken place. The first task is to analyse the individual’s existing job role to understand how the proposed change will impact on the job role as the systematic training cycle will help with demonstrating the gap between what is presently accomplished and what will need to be accomplished. To assess the learning needs, it is important to set clear objectives for the learning and development training so that this can help individuals be clear on what they will achieve and whether they would be focused on achieving the objectives. SMART objectives are recommended when setting out objectives, as according to Foot Hook (2008), SMART stands for: †¢ Specific †¢ Measurable †¢ Achievable †¢ Realistic †¢ time Therefore assessing the learning needs is about the organisations systematically investigating the current and future learning requirements in relation to the organisations operating environment. 2. Design of learning activities Once the HR has decided the objectives for the learning and development, they would be able to plan a programme that uses a variety of techniques in order to achieve the objectives in the most effective way. The role of the design is to produce a programme that will meet the needs of the organisation and the learner. HR will need to ensure that everyone is aware in advance of what will be involved in the learning and development event including its time and location of the running event. Once the learning and development needs have been identified, the supervisors can choose to have either an in house learning and development options which is often done internally by the organisation’s or the organisation’s can opt to have an external learning and development provider. As according to D’Amico (2006), in house training has its advantages as it can become efficient in establishing the company goals therefore everyone working within that organisation would hear the same message at the same time and in house training could motivate employees as it can offer flexibility for employees to choose their hours and it does not conflict with work schedules. However in house training can have its limitations too as this can be very expensive to set up. External training can also have its advantages as is4profit (2010) is that external training are done by specialists whom the trainers have spent years designing a training course and can bring the employees up to date with the best practices but external training can have its limitations to an organisation as this can be expensive and employees would have to spend time out of the business therefore meaning work productivity from employees will fall due to time being spent out. According to a CIPD’s annual survey (2008), they found 61 percent of organisations use in house development programmes and that there had been a rise of in house development programmes within the last two years. Therefore this statistics show that organisations tend to prefer using in house development programmes. Once the supervisors have decided which learning and development programme they want to adapt, either in house or external than they can decide to use a number of learning techniques or choose which techniques they would want to use in order to suit the organisation. The kind of learning techniques can be in a number of different methods which could be: †¢ Lectures †¢ Role play †¢ Computer based training †¢ Projects †¢ Group discussions or online group discussions †¢ In tray exercises †¢ Audio or video conferencing †¢ Podcasts †¢ Guided reading †¢ Case studies These are the number of techniques that an organisation’s would use as part of their training activities in order for employees to learn and develop their skills. However according to the CIPD’s annual survey (2008), they found that 53 percent of organisations tend to use the coaching by line manager’s technique. Therefore this shows that some organisations tend not to have learning and development programmes as coaching by the line manager’s technique can be a cheaper alternative way to motivate and retain employees. Also the CIPD found that on the job training is another technique that organisations tend to use with 43 percent of organisations favouring on the job training. 3. Delivery of the learning activities This stage is about delivering the event, once the learning and development programme is identified. Therefore the event needs to be implemented so that the organisation can start using the event. Also during this stage as according to JSboard (2010), the supervisors must ensure that the learning is effective and provides the opportunities for learners to learn and they could do this by choosing the most appropriate format for training needs and taking advantage of the different training methods. Also supervisors are required at this stage to monitor the development of individual learners and review their progress. 4. Evaluating the learning This stage is an important stage to the cycle as according to Findlay (2004); as he found that it is still true to say that many learning and development specialist do not evaluate the outcomes of their work at the end of the course. Therefore meaning that organisations would not know if it has been successful event or not, if objectives are being met or not and this could have wasted the organisation’s money and resources if the event was not very effective. According to Kirkpatrick (1994) whom argues that there should be four levels of evaluation in the process. The four levels of evaluations (see appendix 1. 2) are: 1. Reactions 2. Learning 3. Transfer 4. Results This at first, at the end of the learning and development event, the participants should be measured on their reactions to the events, the second part is to measure what the participants have learnt from the event, third part is to measure whether what was learnt is being applied to the job role or not and lastly the fourth evaluation is to measure whether the application of learning has achieved any results. These four levels of evaluations can be done by a simple questionnaire by participants to fill out at the end of the event or comments from participants and face to face interviews. However there are criticisms of Kirkpatrick four levels of evaluation framework. As according to Craig (1996), argues that Kirkpatrick should have included post-training appraisal three or more months after the training to ensure that learners put into practice what they have learned but Kirkpatrick (1994) argues that he believes that evaluations should be included throughout the training by getting evaluations not only during each session or module but also after each subject or topic. Another criticism of Kirkpatrick four evaluation framework, is that the four levels of evaluations mean very little to the other business units as according to nwlink (2010) cited from Flanagan (2006), this would mean that he evaluations do not have any meaning to business units as when learning leaders write and speak in terms of levels of evaluation to their business colleagues, it tends to confuse the other person rather than clarify the issues and would contribute to a lack of understanding to business and learning functions. Even though there are criticisms of Kirkpatrick fou r levels evaluation framework, organisations today are still using his idea’s to evaluate after an learning and development event. According to Thomson (2004), evaluating â€Å"is important as it is a way of combining the assessment of the impact of training and development, which will influence HR and training functions†, this means that it would be in the interest of HR and other training function to evaluate after the event as this ensures learning objectives have been met, so that this can show that organisation have been successful in adding value to the organisation which will make a difference strategically. There are many other ways of evaluating instead of just using Kirkpatrick’s four levels evaluation framework that organisations can use. Supervisors can use various methods like questionnaires, interviews, assessment tests, self reviews, group or one to one discussions with the learner and cost analysis of the learning and development as according to Foot Hook (2008) However evaluating at the end of an event is important, as according to the CIPD 2007 fact sheet, is that there are four reasons to why learning and development should be evaluated and these are to help prove the value of training to an organisation, to help improve the quality of training for the future training, evaluate so that it can contribute to the learning processes and to evaluate so that supervisors have control over the training. Benefits and limitations of the systematic approach Organisations could use the systematic approach as it can help define areas of competence in learning and development and Brookes (1995) points out that the training cycle can help with describing systematically and comprehensively the complete learning and development process, it is familiar in all sectors and to all parts of the learning community and most learning and development roles can be located within. However according to McNamara (2010) adopting a systematic approach to training will help ensure supervisors are getting the most out of themselves and their employees. A systematic approach towards learning and development includes taking time to analyse what the organisation needs are from its employees and for employees to accomplish those results. Therefore a systematic approach will help assess and evaluate approaches before, during and after the training to ensure so that employees have benefited from the training. A systematic approach to learning and development could help contribute to the organisations goals and objectives to enable its success. As for example Lloyds TSB has its own in house training centre to enable learning and development for their employees so that they can gain the learning and skills required for their job roles to enable performance within the organisation. [see( http://www. lloydstsb. com/accessibility/rnid_charter. asp(2010)] A systematic approach can have its advantages as if it is delivered correctly it can help an individual enhance its career development system within organisations but according to Werner (2008) it would be ideal that senior management should conduct and evaluate a pilot program before implementing a full blown program. Another advantage of the systematic approach to organisations is that the cycle offers a rational and methodical approach to the design, delivery and evaluations of Human Resource Development interventions so that they can provide a effective learning needs analysis as according to JSboard (2010) Even though the systematic approach has its advantages to learning and development, however there are criticisms of the approach towards learning and development. Systematic training cycle only focuses on training rather than the individualised learning and is more suited to a stable working environment than a rapidly changing environment. As according to Torrington (2008) cited by Harrison (2005) argues that the cycle is not necessarily the most appropriate to use as it falls far short of the messy world of practice and does not focus adequately on learning. This would mean that the systematic approach does not focus on individuals learning needs but mainly on training. However Torrington (2008) cited by Soloman (2001) argues that the systematic cycle tends to have fitted the 1960s mood for rationality and efficiency, but it is somewhat mechanical and fits less well with fast pace continuous change. Therefore this means that organisations whom are not constantly changing their environment would be able to adapt to the systematic approach and it would work well in a stable environment but a rapidly changing environment has is its advantages as to stay ahead of competition or to gain competitive advantage, organisations would need to keep changing their environment most of the time in order to achieve this. Also there are other potential disadvantages of using the framework as according to JSboard (2010) and these include that the systematic approach can be too inflexible, too mechanistic, too time-consuming, too reliant on the role of the trainer, is limited input by other stakeholders and can be counter-intuitive in some situations. Also there are also different factors affecting learning and development as individuals are motivated by different thing instead of just being motivated by learning and development activities alone, these other factors can include incentives, encouragement or rewards. However even though there are many criticisms to the systematic approach framework, many organisations still tend to adopt the framework in order to help achieve their strategic objectives. Conclusion To conclude, the systematic approach to learning and development can have its advantages if organisations tend to follow the framework properly and also to monitor and retain its employees after using the systematic framework, organisations can see a number of differences it can make to an organisation when the organisation invests in learning and development for its staff, these could include seeing employees being motivated therefore they would perform more outputs, fewer mistakes, improved quality, reduced costs, reduce staff turnover, increase retention, more effective use of resource and human resources and lastly employees would be able to clearly identify their career opportunities. Even though there are many criticisms that the systematic approach is catered towards just training, there are still many organisations still using this framework in order to achieve their strategic objectives and goals. However the framework can benefit both the organisation and the individualâ₠¬â„¢s as the organisation would benefit from the performance and enhanced talent from employees whilst the individual’s can benefit from the learning experience and would be able to identify their career goals or paths. However the systematic approach is important to organisations as its factors include improving individual’s learning therefore individuals will be constantly be up to date with new resources each time they are in the training event which will help organisations have the opportunity for growth and development when its employees are constantly being kept up to date with the latest learning methods as without new skills and information, organisations would not be able to have the opportunity for growth and development so that they can maintain a competitive advantage within their chosen markets. As companies that progress in learning and development it could open doors for employee satisfaction which employees would perform better as they are vital to an organisation in order to achieve growth and development in the future.

Free Essays on Omelas

The Dystopia of Omelas â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas† is a short story by Ursula K. Le Guin. Omelas is a place where joy and leisure reign, where there are few rules, no kings or slaves, and the citizens are safe and happy. All citizens save one; a child imprisoned in a small room in a basement. The child has no contact with anyone except for the few who are brought to see or feed the child. The citizens’ joy rest entirely on the fact this child suffers. Le Guin uses irony to show a utopian society can not exist. She portrays this through a naà ¯ve narrator, a child in misery, and the fact Omelas no longer exists. The narrator thinks Omelas is a great society. She describes it as joyous. The narrator states no â€Å"drooz† is necessary; the people celebrate a victory of life. She brags how happy the people of Omelas are, how the city is filled with â€Å"grave master workmen, quiet, merry women [†¦] chatting as they walked [†¦] people [†¦] dancing [†¦and children’s] high calls rising like the swallows’ crossing flights over the music and singing† (268). The narrator believes Omelas is a city where everyone wants to live. She is inclined to â€Å"think that people from towns up and down the coast have been coming in to Omelas† (269) to join the joyous occasions. The innocent narrator knows this is all possible due to the child’s suffering. She explains the child must be there for the towns’ happiness, â€Å"the beauty of their city, the tenderness of their friendships, the health of their children, the wisdom of their scholars, the skill of their makers, even the abundance of their harvest and the kindly weathers of their skies depend wholly on this child’s abominable misery† (271). She sees nothing wrong with making a child suffer for the greater good of the community. She attempts to justify his misery for the sake of the perfect society. She does not understand a utopian society strives for t... Free Essays on Omelas Free Essays on Omelas The Dystopia of Omelas â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas† is a short story by Ursula K. Le Guin. Omelas is a place where joy and leisure reign, where there are few rules, no kings or slaves, and the citizens are safe and happy. All citizens save one; a child imprisoned in a small room in a basement. The child has no contact with anyone except for the few who are brought to see or feed the child. The citizens’ joy rest entirely on the fact this child suffers. Le Guin uses irony to show a utopian society can not exist. She portrays this through a naà ¯ve narrator, a child in misery, and the fact Omelas no longer exists. The narrator thinks Omelas is a great society. She describes it as joyous. The narrator states no â€Å"drooz† is necessary; the people celebrate a victory of life. She brags how happy the people of Omelas are, how the city is filled with â€Å"grave master workmen, quiet, merry women [†¦] chatting as they walked [†¦] people [†¦] dancing [†¦and children’s] high calls rising like the swallows’ crossing flights over the music and singing† (268). The narrator believes Omelas is a city where everyone wants to live. She is inclined to â€Å"think that people from towns up and down the coast have been coming in to Omelas† (269) to join the joyous occasions. The innocent narrator knows this is all possible due to the child’s suffering. She explains the child must be there for the towns’ happiness, â€Å"the beauty of their city, the tenderness of their friendships, the health of their children, the wisdom of their scholars, the skill of their makers, even the abundance of their harvest and the kindly weathers of their skies depend wholly on this child’s abominable misery† (271). She sees nothing wrong with making a child suffer for the greater good of the community. She attempts to justify his misery for the sake of the perfect society. She does not understand a utopian society strives for t...

Patients with terminal and preterminal cancer- Evidence Based Practice Assignment

Patients with terminal and preterminal cancer- Evidence Based Practice - Assignment Example Round the clock administration of oral morphine for acute and chronic pain in patients with terminal and preterminal cancer is a widely accepted procedure. However, the need to administer the drug frequently and the increased risk of analgesic efficacy poses a problem in the management of pain in cancer patients. Several studies have reported other means of administration of opioid without altering the analgesic efficacy and without cumbersome dosing schedules. A couple of such important strategies are controlled-release morphine tablets and fentanyl-transdermal therapeutic system. To ascertain as to which is a better strategy for pain relief in cancer patients review of literature is essential. Making clinical decisions based on appropriate evidence is known as evidence-based practice. According to McKibbon (1998), "Evidence-based practice (EBP) is an approach to health care wherein health professionals use the best evidence possible, i.e. the most appropriate information available, to make clinical decisions for individual patients. EBP values, enhances and builds on clinical expertise, knowledge of disease mechanisms, and pathophysiology. It involves complex and conscientious decision-making based not only on the available evidence but also on patient characteristics, situations, and preferences." Literature review is the most critical exercise for EBP. Literature search for EBP can be done effectively by creating appropriate question in PICO format. In this assignment, literature review for an evidence-based answer of a clinical question will be discussed after deciphering the question in PICO format. The literature search will be performed in a systematic manner through electronic databases. Clinical Question "In patients with terminal and preterminal cancer, which is the most appropriate strategy for pain relief? Oral sustained release morphine or transdermal fentanyl?" PICO Population: Patients with cancer in preterminal or terminal stages with acute or chronic pain Intervention: Orals sustained release morphine Comparison: Intradermal fentanyl Outcome: Relief from pain Search Process The commencement of search in electronic databases was based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria and knowledge of the hierarchies of evidence. Hierarchy provides a confidence measure to the end-user (Evans, 2003). According to Evans (2003), random control trials can be considered of good standard and they are in fact labeled as the gold standard of research for providing optimal research designs to answer pertinent questions. However, systemic reviews and meta-analysis have topped the hierarchy list. The databases used for search were PUBMED, Google Scholar and CINAHL. The MESH terms used in PUBMED were cancer pain (AND), morphine (AND), fentanyl (AND), & pain (AND). The limits used were adults and

Organization Theory, Design and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Organization Theory, Design and Change - Essay Example Societal ethics are the principles that have been laid for every member of the society to live by. It is through societal ethics, that a legal system is formed in order to guide people’s actions and how they interact with each other in the society. Professional ethics are the tenets that individuals of a particular profession must use to manage the manner at which they execute their tasks or utilize the resources within their reach. Individual ethics is the moral and personal values that have been set by a particular individual in order to guide their actions and interactions with other people. In an organization; different individuals with different professions are taken from the society in order to achieve a common goal. This is when the combination of societal, professional and individual ethics forms the basis of organizational ethics (Jones 47). Organizational ethics has it that each individual must live by his or her individual ethics, while observing the ethics of their profession and the ethics of the society at the same time. The conformance of each individual within the organization to the ethical behavior means that the collective interest of the society is safeguarded (Jones 51).

Working Capital Versus Capital Expenditure Management Finance Essay

Working Capital Versus Capital Expenditure Management Finance Essay The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of firms capital expenditure on their working capital management. Net Liquidity Balance and Working Capital Requirement for determination of working capital requirement and developed multiple regression models. The empirical research found that organisations capital expenditure has a significant impact on working capital management. The study also found that the firms operating cash flow, which was recognized as a control variable, has a significant relationship with working capital management. Capital forecasting in a downturn environment where change is rapid. Incorporating dynamic forecasting to measure the impact of key uncertainties and risks on the portfolio of projects is crucial. The findings increase the knowledge base of working capital management and will help companies manage working capital efficiently in growing conditions associated with capital expenditure. 1.1 Working capital for accountants, investors and managers is the short-term health of a company. Working capital equals current assets minus current liabilities. Current accounts are accounts that the company collects or are due in the next year. Making a capital expenditure will have several effects on the companys working capital, depending on the transaction. However, in certain cases, there may be no impact; it is important to understand why. Corporate finance basically deals with three decisions: A) capital structure decisions, B) capital budgeting decisions, and C) working capital management decisions. Working capital management is a very important component of corporate finance since it affects the profitability and liquidity of a company. It deals with current assets and current liabilities. The decision-making process on the level of different working capital components has become frequent, repetitive, and time-consuming. Working capital management is recognized as an important concern of the financial manager due to many reasons. For one thing, a typical manufacturing firms current assets account for over half of its total assets. For a distribution company, they account for even more. The maintenance of excessive levels of current assets can easily result in a substandard return on a firms investment. However, firms with inadequate levels of current assets may incur shortages and have difficulties in smoothly maintaining day-to-day operations. Efficient working capital management involves planning and controlling current assets and current liabilities in a manner that eliminates the risk of inability to meet due short term obligations on one hand and avoids excessive investment in these assets on the other hand. Capital forecasting in a downturn environment where change is rapid. Incorporating dynamic forecasting to measure the impact of key uncertainties and risks on the portfolio of projects is crucial. Analyzing and quantifying the impact of risks and delays at project and portfolio level. Governance and control over capital expenditures, Portfolio prioritization. Determining the optimal decision making level for capital allocation decision (corporate level vs business unit level vs hybrid model). 1.2 Working Capital Estimates The analysis includes estimates of all investments required for a project. The project may require increases (or decreases) in cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, or inventory. 2.1 Capital expenditure Whenever we make an expenditure that generates a cash flow benefit for more than one year, this is a capital expenditure. Examples include the purchase of new equipment, expansion of production facilities, buying another company, acquiring new technologies, launching a research development program, etc., etc., etc. Capital expenditures often involve large cash outlays with major implications on the future values of the company. Additionally, once we commit to making a capital expenditure it is sometimes difficult to back-out. It has been found that managers spend a considerable time on day-today working of capital decisions since current assets are short-lived investments that are continually being converted into other asset types (Rao, 1989). In the case of current liabilities, the firm is responsible for paying obligations mentioned under current liabilities on a timely basis. Liquidity for the on-going firm is reliant, rather, on the operating cash flows generated by the firms assets. Corporations are looking for new ways to stimulate growth, improve financial performance, and reduce risk in todays challenging economic climate. Funds tied up in working capital can be seen as hidden reserves that can be used to fund growth strategies, such as capital expansion. Cash flows locked in stock and receivables can be freed up by understanding the determinants of working capital. Many organizations that have earned profits over the years have shown the efficient management of working capital (WCM). Broadly, industry characteristics, firm-specific characteristics, and the financial environment are recognized as determining factors of both capital expenditure and working capital. In addition to the growth, leverage, and the size of a company, type, and size of expenditures, such as finance and operating and capital expenditures, have different impacts on capital expenditure and working capital. 2.2 Portfolio Approach in Capital Budgeting Portfolio approach to achieve capital efficiency and organisational alignment can yield immediate positive cash-flow results for companies. Typically companies view capital expenditures through a cost and benefits filter that focuses largely on ROI and IRR type measures. Whilst these measures are relevant, companies that do so often do not necessarily link these to the strategy of the company. They also do not prioritise capital expenditures in terms of their effect on strategy and shareholder value. We believe that by using a portfolio approach companies could: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increase returns on invested capital by understanding which projects contribute most to shareholder value and lie on the project efficiency frontier à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Have a holistic portfolio view of the return of the capital of the entire company à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Improve the strategic and organizational alignment of projects à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Make informed decisions on where to invest scarce cash resources. 2.3 Capital Budgeting Decisions: Stage 1: Decision Analysis Decision-making is increasingly more complex today because of uncertainty. Additionally, most capital projects will involve numerous variables and possible outcomes. For example, estimating cash flows associated with a project involves working capital requirements, project risk, tax considerations, expected rates of inflation, and disposal values. We have to understand existing markets to forecast project revenues, assess competitive impacts of the project, and determine the life cycle of the project. If our capital project involves production, we have to understand operating costs, additional overheads, capacity utilization, and start-up costs. Consequently, we can not manage capital projects by simply looking at the numbers; i.e. discounted cash flows. We must look at the entire decision and assess all relevant variables and outcomes within an analytical hierarchy. This analytical hierarchy is known as the Multiple Attribute Decision Model (MADM). Multiple attributes are involved in capital projects and each determinant in the decision needs to be weighed differently and their relationship with each other determined. Several techniques are available to arrive at a financial decision regarding a capital expenditure project. These include: the net present value method. This method discounts all cash flows to the present using a predetermined minimum acceptable rate of return as the discount rate. If the net present value is positive, the financial return on the project is greater than this minimum acceptable rate and indicates the project is economically acceptable. If the net present value is negative, the project is not acceptable on economic grounds. the internal rate of return method. The internal rate of return is defined as the discount rate that makes the net present value of a project equal to zero. It is the highest rate of interest that a company could incur to obtain funds without losing money on the project. the equivalent annual cost method. When considering alternative proposals, it may be that only costs are involved. In such situations, a choice of alternatives can be made by determining which has the lowest equivalent annual cost. Under this method, capital expenditures are converted to their equivalent annual cost and added to the annual operating costs. Equivalent annual cost is the annual amount that would repay the capital over the life of the project at a specified discount rate. It is similar to an annual, level repayment schedule for a mortgage. The alternative with the lowest total cost would be the most attractive (ignoring intangibles). the payback method. This method estimates the time taken to recover the original investment outlay. The estimated net cash flows from a proposal for each year are added until they total the original investment. The time required to recoup the investment is called the payback period. Projects with a shorter payback period are preferred to those with longer periods. the discounted payback method. The discounted payback period is the number of years for which cash inflows are required to (a) recover the amount of the investment and also (b) earn the required rate of return on the investment during that period. In this method, each years cash inflow is discounted at the required rate of return, and these present values are cumulated by year until, their sum equals, the amount invested. Projects with a shorter discounted payback period are preferable to those with longer periods. the accounting rate of return method. The accounting rate of return is a measure of the average annual income after tax over the life of a project divided by the initial investment or the average investment required to generate the income. It is important to note that this method assesses net income and not cash flows which are used in the other methods. Stage 2: Option pricing In financial management, consideration of options within capital budgeting is called contingent claims analysis or option pricing. For example, suppose you have a choice between two boiler units for your factory. Boiler A uses oil and Boiler B can use either oil or natural gas. Based on traditional approaches to capital budgeting, the least costs boiler was selected for purchase, namely Boiler A. However, if we consider option pricing Boiler B may be the best choice because we have a choice or option on what fuel we can use. Suppose we expect rising oil prices in the next five years. This will result in higher operating costs for Boiler A, but Boiler B can switch to a second fuel to better control operating costs. Consequently, we want to assess the options of capital projects. Stage3: Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Discounting refers to taking a future amount and finding its value today. Future values differ from present values because of the time value of money. Financial management recognizes the time value of money because: Inflation reduces values over time; i.e. Rs.1, 000 today will have less value five years from now due to rising prices (inflation). Uncertainty in the future; i.e. we think we will receive Rs. 1,000 five years from now, but a lot can happen over the next five years. Opportunity Costs of money; Rs. 1,000 today is worth more to us than five years from now because we can invest Rs 1,000 today and earn a return. 3.1 Quantitative Analysis and Estimates : The foundations for good capital planning are reliable forecasts of the following parameters like competitive technology, marketing opportunities, likely actions by competitors and governments, sales volumes, selling prices, operating costs, changes in working capital, taxes payable and capital costs of equipment. Effective management of capital expenditure decisions, therefore, requires that controls be designed and operated to ensure that projections are realistic at the time decisions are made. Reliable estimates and forecasts are vital to the capital investment decision. The degree of precision necessary for the estimates related to the capital expenditure decision depends on: the stage of evaluation of the project (i.e., in early stages less precision is needed), the sensitivity of the projects economics to the level of accuracy and timing of each of the elements within the estimates, and the similarity of the project to others already undertaken. 3.2 Planning Horizon of a project: It is often difficult to estimate the life of a project (i.e., its planning horizon). The criterion is the continued ability to generate satisfactory cash flows or other intangible benefits. The economic life of a project is the lesser of its physical life, technological life or product-market life. Physical Life of Project Technical life of the Project Market life of the product to be manufactured depends upon: Detailed Market Research/Study Competitive Factors Price Estimation and Determination Organisation Market Position Maintenance Property related costs Depreciation Plant Administration, Service Department Costs 4.1 Research Objectives Overall objective. The overall objective of this research study is to investigate capital expenditure on a project and consequently working capital requirement and there relationship. Working capital measured in terms of net liquidity balance and working capital requirement (WCR). Specific objectives. are to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Investigate whether there is a relationship and type of relationship between capital expenditure and the firms working capital (W.C.). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Describe the relationship between the nature of expenditure and the working capital. To investigate the impact of different factors affecting the working capital on net liquidity balance and working capital requirement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Investigate the existing literature on working capital management to highlight the recent trends. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Understand the applicability of NLB and WCR as a measure of working capital management. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Investigate the relationship between corporate performance and working capital management. 4.2 Literature Review The chief financial officers of most companies spend most of their time and effort on day-today working capital management. Still, due to the inability of financial managers to properly plan and control the current assets and current liabilities of their companies, the failure of a large number of businesses can be attributed to the inefficient working capital management. Working capital is the most crucial input and the success or failure of an organization can be rightly attributed to the quality and efficiency in the management of working capital (WC) or net current assets (NCA). Account receivable management models and inventory management models were used in approximately 65 % of companies. The management of the working capital, stresses the need for the development of a viable system with the dual finance goals of profitability and liquidity, only such models will assist practicing financial managers in their day-to-day decision-making. Over the years, many researchers have focused on determining the optimal level of each component of working capital. It was found that the working capital literature is rather limited and that the management of short term resources is not understood too well. Thus, the consensus in academia seems to recognize the paucity of theory concerning the management of financial resources due to the inherent difficulties in the development of a working capital decision model, while accepting the normative needs for a more critical examination. The tendency of firms with low levels of current ratios to have low levels of current liabilities. 5.1 Methodology The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a very important aspect of financial management known as working capital management. The study will show the relationship of capital expenditure on firms working capital management and its impact. This chapter of the research deals with the analytical framework of data analysis, which describes the firms and variables included in the study, the distribution patterns of data, and applied statistical techniques in investigating the relationship between working capital management and capital expenditure. 6.1 Data Collection Since the study is based on financial data, the main source of data was financial statements, such as income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements of listed companies for the period from 2000 to 2005. The reason for restricting the time period to six years was that the latest data for the study was available for these years. In addition, annual reports of companies have been used in order to understand the company back ground and industry. 6.2 Sample Selection The study uses secondary data of listed companies in the stock exchange. Companies with missing data are excluded from the study. The study also excludes the financial and securities sector companies, as their financial characteristics and use of leverage are substantially different from other manufacturing companies. The working capital requirements and capital expenditure of a manufacturing organization is widely different from trading, financial and securities sector companies. 6.3 Variables In addition to identifying capital expenditure, the study undertakes the issue of identifying all factors that affect the working capital management. Most of the determinants identified in the investigation have been taken from the existing literature on working capital management. The study takes into account of all the variables discussed below. Variables, which include dependent, independent, and control variables, have been used to investigate the test hypothesis. 6.4 Independent Variables Capital expenditure (CAPEX) is identified as one of the independent variables and includes expenditures incurred by firms for acquisition and upgrading/renovating physical assets, such as land, buildings, machinery, vehicles, and equipments. Capital expenditures are added to assets account and depreciated against profits over their economic life as Deferred Revenue expenditure( DEFEREX). Capital expenditure is incurred by a company when buying new, fixed assets or in adding value to existing assets to increase their economic lives. Capital expenditure includes buying the value of assets, carriage inwards, insurance, legal costs, and all costs needed for acquiring assets ready for use. Managers pay careful attention to capital expenditure decisions, since they are very costly and irreversible. Operating expenditure (OPEX) is the cost of ongoing operations, product or system. Unlike CAPEX, firms meet OPEX continuously. Operating expenditures are written off against profit for the period. They are Revenue expenditure (REVEX) which includes salaries, wages and facilities expenses, such as rent, rates, electricity, etc. Finance expenditure (FIEX) is cost incurred on debt capital. Interest incurred on debentures, bank loan and other long term liabilities are recognized as finance expenditures. 6.5 Dependent Variables NLB = (cash and cash equivalents + short-term investment) (short-term debt + commercial paper payable + long-term debt a year term). These are considerations of the financial decisions of a company, regardless of the operation cycle. Thus, it is called as net liquid balance. WCR = (accounts receivable + inventories) (accounts payable + accrued expenses +other payable), which relate to the working cycle and are called working capital requirements. 6.6 Control Variables In addition, firms operating cash flow (OPCASH), extracted cash flow statement, growth (GRO) of the firm measured by sales, leverage measured by total long-term debt capital and divided by equity (D/E). All the above variables have relationships that affect working capital management. These relationships might vary over variables, companies and industries based on business strategy, economic environment, and financial environment. 7.1 Hypotheses Development Working capital management is traditionally rated by current ratio, quick ratio, and net working capital. According to Shulman and Cox (1985), these traditional ratios dont consider the going concern of the company and net working capital does not measure the correct value of liquidity. They classify net working capital into working capital requirement (WCR) and net liquidity balance (NLB) in order to predict the financial crisis of a company. WCR is measured in order to evaluate the management of working capital, and NLB is considered with the capability of raising and allocating capital respectively. NLB is better than traditional indicators in terms of predicting crisis and liquidity of a company. The basic purpose of this study on working capital management to evaluate the impact of capital expenditure on working capital. Thus, this study will categorize expenditure of a firm into three types: a) Operating expenditure, b) Capital (investment) expenditure, and c) Finance expenditure. However, except capital expenditure, operating and finance expenditures will be considered on accrual basis, not on the cash basis, because incurred expenditure will determine working capital management of the company. When a company has growth opportunities, it needs to acquire fixed assts (pay capital expenditure) relevant to future growth plans. Thus, incurred or expected capital expenditure is positively correlated with NLB. With growth opportunity, a company can increase the holding cash, since it manages working capital efficiently. Under such circumstances, terms to pay operation-related liabilities are lengthened and operation-related receivables can be accelerated in collection, causing less demand on working capital. Expected capital expenditure is negatively related to WCR, and firms with a higher growth rate pay more attention on the management of capital expenditure. Hypotheses A- Capital expenditure is positively related to NLB Hypotheses B- Capital expenditure is negatively related to WCR 8.1 Model Specification This study uses panel data regression analysis of cross-sectional in order to test the hypothesis. A use the pooled regression type of panel data analysis. The pooled regression, which is also called the constant coefficients model, is one in which both intercepts and slopes are constant, where the cross section from a data and time series data are pooled together in a single column, assuming that there are no significant cross section or temporal effects. The general forms of our models are:t NLB Decrease in WCR H1a= NLBit = ÃŽÂ ²0 + ÃŽÂ £ ÃŽÂ ² X + ÃŽÂ µ (1) H1b= WCRit = ÃŽÂ ²0 + ÃŽÂ £ ÃŽÂ ² X + ÃŽÂ µ (2) WCR: working capital requirement of firm I at time t; i = 1, 2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..no. of firms NLB it: net liquidity balance of firm i at time t; i = 1, 2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.no. of firms ÃŽÂ ²0: the intercept of equation ÃŽÂ ²i: coefficients of X it variables X it: the different independent variables for working capital management of firm i at time t t: time = 1, 2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,6 years. ÃŽÂ µ: the error term Specifically, when I convert the above general least squares model into my specified NLBi = ÃŽÂ ² OPEXi + ÃŽÂ ² FIEXi + ÃŽÂ ² CAEXi + ÃŽÂ ² M/Bi+ ÃŽÂ ² Gti + ÃŽÂ ² D/Ei + ÃŽÂ ² OCASH + ÃŽÂ µ (3) WCRi = ÃŽÂ ² OPEXi + ÃŽÂ ² FIEXi+ ÃŽÂ ² CAEXi + ÃŽÂ ² M/Bi+ ÃŽÂ ² Gti + ÃŽÂ ² D/Ei + ÃŽÂ ² OCASH + ÃŽÂ µ (4) Where: NLB = (cash cash equivalents + short term investments) (short term debt + commercial paper payable + Long term debt year term) WCR = (accounts receivable + inventories) (accounts payable + other payable). WCR equals net working capital NLB. ÃŽÂ ² = coefficient of regression, OPEX = operating expenditure FIEX = financial expenditure CAEX= capital expenditure M/B = market to book value ratio D/E = total debt to total assets Gt = sales growth OCASH = operating cash flow in firm ÃŽÂ µ = the error term These findings are consistent with hypothesis H1b. Operating expenditure and interest expenditure also have a positive significant relationship with working capital requirement. 9.1 Conclusions and Recommendations Working capital management attracts less attention of the management than capital budget and expenditure, capital structure in financial management in the ordinary course of business. Working capital management relates to the findings of sources of short term finance and investments in short term assets. Working capital management deals with profitability and the risk of the company. Inefficient working capital management results in over investment in working capital and reduces the profitability of the firm. On the other hand, inefficient management of working capital leads to an insufficient amount of working capital and results in financial difficulty, putting the company at risk. The optimal level of working capital, which is a trade off between risk and profitability, can be affected by both internal organizational characteristics and various outside factors. Existing literature has paid little attention to many factors that determine the working capital. This research investigated some of the factors such as capital expenditure, operating expenditure, finance expenditure, leverage, performance and operating cash flow. This research paper uses NLB and WCR as proxies for working capital in order to assess working capital management with capital expenditure and other influencing factors. Empirical results show that capital expenditure has a significant effect on working capital management. This finding will help a companys management manage working capital efficiently. The findings can be used as a benchmark for managing working capital and evaluating performance. Through this paper it was able to find out that operating cash flow has a significant impact on a companys working capital management, consistent with conclusions in previous research/literature. By conducting the same study on each business sector separately, managers can understand specific behavior of a companys working capital in relationship with capital expenditure. Since the model is a general model, it might not be able to be applied or might not give the same findings in specific business sectors. Moreover, further research can be conducted on the same topic in different countries. Working capital management policies can be compared between developing and developed countries in order to determine the correct management policies. 14) Capital expenditure decisions are very crucial and not easily reversible. Substantial amount of money is blocked in capital expenditure decisions. Hence such decisions have to be taken very carefully with a lot of deliberations.

Fear and Anxiety

Phobia comes from the Greek word ‘phobos’ meaning morbid fear (wikipedia). But what exactly is a phobia? The direct denotation of a phobia is â€Å"a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to a compelling desire to avoid it† (dictionary). A phobia falls under the category of an anxiety disorder. An anxiety disorder is often â€Å"a harmful chronic condition, which can be present from an early age or begin suddenly after a triggering event.They are prone to flare up at times of high stress and are frequently accompanied by physiological symptoms such as headache, sweating, muscle spasms, palpitations, and hypertension, which in some cases lead to fatigue or even exhaustion† (wikipedia). According to healthline. com, if there is any exposure to the object that is feared, the stimulus may provoke extreme anxiety or a panic attack. † Phobias are mainly and tend to be caused by a traumatic event or experience th at happened prior in a person’s life.Other factors that may increase the likelihood of a phobia developing include cultural factors and possibly even genetics. â€Å"Phobias are actually quite common, affecting more than ten percent of the U. S. population. Phobias are the most common mental disorder in the United States, but far more women than men are affected by phobias† (about. com). Approximately six point three million American adults ages eighteen to fifty four, or about four point four percent of people in this age group in a given year, have some type of specific phobia (Heering).This anxiety disorder affects more than one in ten people in the word and they are usually present as a panic attack or a severe episode of anxiety and start during adolescence or adulthood (Frapwell). The percent of people that are diagnosed of having a phobia tend to be constant year to year; there has not been a dramatic increase or decrease over the years. Phobias can be divided i nto three main categories: social phobias, agoraphobia, and specific phobias. Social phobias deal with fear of social situations. People who have or had social phobia tend to stay in a solitary environment or just stay home alone where they are most comfortable.This does affect a person’s life because it prevents them from functioning in daily life. People do need to interact with others, especially in need of help. These people do not go to social events or outings because then they would feel like they are in danger and it is more likely that they will have a panic attack. A previous negative social experience can be the trigger to having a social phobia perhaps particularly for individuals who have an intrapersonality. Someone with an intrapersonality tend to stay away from groups and would rather stay and work alone.The cultural factors that have been related to social anxiety disorder include a society's attitude towards shyness and avoidance, affecting someone’s ability to form relationships and access employment or education. One study found that the effects of parenting are different depending on the culture – American children appear more likely to develop social anxiety disorder if their parents emphasize the importance of other's opinions and use shame as a disciplinary strategy, but this association was not found for Chinese American children.In China, research has indicated that shy-inhibited children are more accepted than their peers and more likely to be considered for leadership and considered competent, in contrast to the findings in Western countries. There is an increased amount or a decreased amount that social phobia affects depending on where the country is located, showing that cultur does make a difference (wikipedia). Agoraphobia is defined as an abnormal fear of being in crowds, public places, or open areas, sometimes accompanied by anxiety attacks (dictionary).The severity of agoraphobia varies, they can live ab solutely normal lives avoiding potential anxiety-provoking situations or they can stay at home practically all day and be homebound trying to stay away from anything that will cause them to be anxious. People with a less severe version of agoraphobia are more likely to buy a luxuorious automobile because they do not walk to their destination or take public transportation. This does make sense because the person with agoraphobia would be more comfortable in a luxuorious automobile where they can be alone.The causes of agoraphobia are currrently unknown, but the cultural factors that could be related to agoraphobia include the population of where a person lived while growing up. If the person was raised on a farm isolated from the world around them is more likely to develop the fear of public places than someone who lives in the city who is used to that type of environment. A scary experience or event in a person’s life can also be a major tribute to having this phobia. Agoraph obia occurs twice as commonly in women as it does in men.This is not very accurate considering that most men would not report that they have agoraphobia due to there stereotypical image of being strong and having no fear (Heering). Specific phobias deal with fear of a specific objects such as snakes or spiders. There are four major types of specific phobias. The four major types of specific phobias include the fear of natural environment, the fear of animals, medical related fear, and situational fear. The most common specific phobia of the natural environment include the fear of lightning, storms, and water. Fear of spiders, snakes, and mice are the most common specific fear with animals.People with a medical related phobia tend to have a fear of going to the doctor or hospital, fear of getting injured, and an irrational fear of seeing any amount of blood. Situational fear tend to involve a fear of specific situations, such as flying, driving, going over bridges or driving through tunnels, and even being in enclosed places like an elevator. There is a higher percentage of people with a specific type of phobia than agoraphobia and social phobia (nih, National Institute of Mental Health). The first diagnosis of any type of phobia was in the year of nineteen seventy.The diagnosis was related to social phobia and it was discussed as a clinical syndrome distinct from other anxiety disorders. Social phobia was not offically recognized until the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (webMD). Symptoms for acknowledging that someone has a phobia vary depending on the type of phobia, but some symptoms apply to just having some type of phobia. Symptoms regarding all phobias include excessive or irrational fear of a specific object or situation and the avoidance of the object or situation, or enduring it with great distress.Physical symptoms of anxiety or a panic attack, such as a pounding heart, nausea or diarrhea, sweating, trembling or shaking, numbness or tingling, problems with breathing, shortness of breath, feeling dizzy or lightheaded, and feeling like you are choking. Anticipatory anxiety is another symptom regarding all phobias. Anticipatory anxiety involves becoming nervous ahead of time about being in certain situations or coming into contact with the object of your phobia. An example of this would be smilar to a person with a fear of dogs and how that person may become anxious about going for a walk because he or she may see a dog along the way.Children react differently with recognition of there phobias, which makes their symptoms of having a phobia different to the adult symptoms. Children with a specific phobia may express their anxiety by crying, clinging to a parent, or throwing a tantrum (webMD). Diagnosis of a phobia is an evaluation of the patient and the symptoms or anxiety they have. There is not really a diagnostic laboratory test for phobias. Diagnosis is based on the patient's account of their experiences. If symptoms of a specific phobia are present, the doctor will begin an evaluation by performing a complete medical history and physical exam.Although there are no laboratory tests to specifically diagnose specific phobias, the doctor may use various tests to make sure that a physical illness isn't the cause of the symptoms. If no physical illness is found, a person may be referred to a psychiatrist or psychologist, mental health professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interview and assessment tools to evaluate a person for a specific phobia. The doctor bases his or her diagnosis of specific phobias on reported symptoms, including any problems with functioning caused by the symptoms.A specific phobia is diagnosed if the person's fear and anxiety are particularly distressing or if they interfere with his or her daily routine, including school, work, social activities, and relationships (webMD). Diagnostic criteria differs between the three main types of phobias. According to the 4th edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, â€Å"the most difficult aspect of diagnosing phobias is sorting them out from other psychiatric disorders such as paranoia, schizophrenia, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, in which fear is associated with situations or specific objects. The diagnostic criteria for a specific phobia â€Å"is if the patient experiences excessive or irrational fear of a specific object or situation, has exposure to the object or situation and it causes an immediate anxiety response or a panic attack, the person knows that the fear is excessive and irrational, the object or situation is endured with distress or avoided, and avoidance, anticipatory anxiety, or distress during exposure to the feared object or situation interferes with the person's ability to function in normal daily activities. The person may have distress a bout having the phobia† (American Psychiatric Association).Social phobia has the most criteria for diagnosis compared to agoraphobia and a specific phobia. According to the 4th edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the criteria for a social phobia is as follow: â€Å"the person fears or is anxious about experiencing public embarrassment or humiliation in social or performance situations, being in such situations creates intense anxiety and possibly a panic attack, the patient knows that the fear is excessive and irrational, and social or performance situations are avoided or endured with great distress.This condition disrupts the patient’s ability to function at work or school and causes them to withdraw from social activities and/or relationships, or the fact that they have the phobia causes them distress. This condition has been led on for at least 6 months in people over the age of 18 and fear and avoidance are not caused by other mental disorders, a medical condition, or the effects of a drug. † Agoraphobia and its criteria is very basic. If the patient can not stand being trapped in a place or is stuck in a difficult situation which leads to a panic attack is a hint of having agoraphobia.If the patient tries to avoid a difficult situation at all costs and nearly has a panic attack thinking about being in a difficult situation or trapped in a place. Lastly, the avoidance is not caused by any type of drug or other psychotic illness or disorder. (American Psychiatric Association). There are a couple different methods on how to treat and cure phobias. There are different methods of treatment for each main category of phobias: agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobia.Any phobia that interferes with daily living and creates extreme disability should be treated. With proper treatment, the vast majority of phobia patients can completely overcome their fears and be symptom-free for years, if not for life. Effe ctive relief can usually be gained through either cognitive behavior therapy, medication, or a combination of both. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy regards to all phobias within all the main categories. â€Å"Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, CBT, is highly effective in treating phobias.Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy techniques help people recognize the events or items that trigger the patient’s reactions. The recognition of the events or items that triggers the patient’s reactions is the cognitive piece of the puzzle. The behavioral piece is the teaching of ways of coping with anxious feelings and physical symptoms through exposure and desensitization† (discovery health). Some therapists use virtual reality or imagery exercise to desensitize patients to the feared entity. These are parts of systematic desensitization therapy.Hypnotherapy is another type of treatment for phobias. Hypnotherapy cooperating with neuro-linguistic programming can also be used to help remove t he associations that trigger a phobic reaction. However, lack of research and scientific testing compromises its status as an effective treatment. A different type of treatment is the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing has been demonstrated in peer-reviewed clinical trials to be effective in treating some phobias.Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing has been demonstrated as effective in easing phobia symptoms following a specific trauma, such as a fear of dogs following a dog bite. Emotional Freedom Technique, a psychotherapeutic alternative medicine tool, also considered to be pseudoscience by the mainstream medicine, is somewhat useful for patients, also. Medications are used to control the panic experienced during a phobic situation, as well as the anxiety caused by anticipation of that situation and are often used to treat social phobia and agoraphobia.According to wikipedia, â€Å"antidepressant medicatio ns such as SSRIs and MAOIs may be helpful in some cases of phobia. Benzodiazepines may be useful in acute treatment of severe symptoms but the risk benefit ratio is against their long-term use in phobic disorders. † Through treatment, you gain more control over an anxiety disorder. By developing good coping skills, you have a better chance of preventing future anxiety attacks. But, treatment always varies from person to person because others may benefit from one type of treatment more than another person. Living with a phobia can be difficult.Even if the feared object or situation does not regularly appear in the patient’s daily life, the patient may find that a lot of their time is spent worrying that it may appear or figuring out how to avoid it. Although you will find primary support from your therapist and closest friends or relatives, you may discover that additional support makes coping easier. Many people find it helpful to read first-person accounts of peopleâ⠂¬â„¢s personal struggles with phobias. Others search for the latest treatment information. Many find that simply speaking with someone who has been there makes things a bit easier to handle.Although many phobia sufferers experience similar concerns despite the type of phobia they have, each type of phobia also brings with it specific concerns (Heering). Telling someone that you have been diagnosed with a phobia could be very emotional for you because you do not want to be made fun of or be judged. It could also be hard because after you tell them what you have been diagnosed with you might be treated differently. You could be treated as a sick patient, which would probably make it worse for you making you think of the phobia more.Phobias do have psychological and emotional effects on you. You could wonder if what you are thinking is normal or not, which can mess with your thoughts (Heering). A phobia affects your life, but does it affect the people around you? This depends on what type of phobia you are diagnosed with. If you are diagnosed with a social phobia, you have most likely lost most or even all of your close relationships. If you are diagnosed with a specific phobia, then you are likely to still have relationships with the people close to you.Yes, there may some limits, such as if a person is afraid of flying and their friend wants them to go on a vacation with them, the person with the phobia is not going to go. Sometimes the question of phobias be prevented comes up and the answer is no a phobia can not be prevented. â€Å"Although many specific phobias cannot be prevented, early intervention and treatment following a traumatic experience, such as an animal attack, may prevent the person from developing severe anxiety† (webMD). There are many types of phobias including some strange and ironic types f phobias. The most common types of phobias mostly fall under the specific phobias category. Some common phobias are â€Å"arachnophobia, ophidi ophobia, acrophobia, agoraphobia, cynophobia, astraphobia, trypanophobia, social phobias, pteromerhanophobia, mysophobia, belonephobia, claustrophobia, odontiatophobia, phasmophobia, phobophobia, trypanophobia, zoophobia† (about). There are many interesting facts of these phobias. Arachnophobia is the fear of spiders and is twice as more likely to occur with women having this phobia than men.Ophidiophobia is the fear of snakes and it is often attributed by a traumatic experience or by cultural factors. Acrophobia is the fear of heights and usually leads to panic attacks and avoidance on anything in relation to height. Cynophobia is the fear of dogs and is usually caused by a not so good specific experience with a dog. Astraphobia is the fear of thunder and lightening, which also has three other names: brontophobia, tonitrophobia, and ceraunophobia. Trypanophobia is the fear of injections and this fear goes untreated because people avoid the triggering object and situation.Pter omerhanophobia is the fear of flying and is often treated using exposure therapy, in which the patient is gradually and progressively introduced to flying. Mysophobia is the fear of germs or dirt and could possibly be related to obsessive compulsive disorder. Belonephobia is the fear of pins and needles, claustrophobia is the fear of an enclosed space, odontiatophobia is the fear of dentists, phasmophobia is the fear of seeing a ghost or a phantom, phobophobia is the fear of having a phobia, and zoophobia is the fear of going to a zoo. The latest type of phobia now is a food phobia.There are a few amounts of people that are scared of mayonnaise or ketchup (about). Yes, there are many phobias out there that are strange and scientists are starting to wonder if it really is a phobia or just an excuse. You would never think that celebrities have phobias because we all think that they are just glitz and glam and perfect, but in reality some celebrities do have phobias. Did you know that Nicole Kidman has a fear of butterflies? Jennifer Aniston, Cher, Michael Jackson, and Whoopi Goldberg have a fear of flying. Orlando Bloom has a fear of pigs.Daniel Radcliffe, Johnny Depp, and Sean â€Å"Diddy† Combs have a fear of clowns (about). It is so weird that the people other people look up to and think they are scared of nothing are normal people and fear thing regular people fear. There are three main categories of a phobia: social phobia, which is the fear of any type of a social situation, agoraphobia, which is the fear of being in crowds or public places, and specific phobia which is the fear of a specific object. What it all comes down to be is that fear runs the life of a person with phobia.It affects the person emotionally and psychologically and depending on the severity and what type of phobia the person has, it could affect the people around you and your relationships with them. Not all phobias have a treatment unless if the person is willing to go through with the treatment. A phobia can be a serious anxiety disorder.Works Cited About. com. Web. Craske, Michelle, Martin M. Antony, and David H. Barlow. Mastering Your Fears and Phobias. Madison Avenue, New York, New York: Oxford UP, 2006. Print. Emery, Gary, Ruth Greenberg, and Aaron T. Beck. Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective. Basic, 1990. Print. Frapwell, Mark, and Grace Tsai, Ph. D. Discoveryhealth. com. Web. Heering, Jan. Phobia-fear-release. com. 23 Nov. 2009. Web. Moore, D. P. â€Å"Phoba- Simple/Specific. † Healthline. com. Web. Nimh. nih. gov. National Institute of Mental Health. Web. â€Å"Phobia†, â€Å"Anxiety Disorder. † Dictionary. com. Web. â€Å"Phobias. † Webmd. com. Healthwise, Incorporated, 1995. Web. Todd, Jr. , Dr. D. B. Mmc. edu. Meharry Medical College. Web. Wikipedia. com. Web. .